Cavities, also known as dental caries, are a common dental issue affecting people of all ages. Proper treatment is crucial to prevent further decay and maintain oral health. This guide will explain what cavities are, their causes, symptoms, and the various treatments available, particularly dental fillings.
What Are Cavities?
Cavities are permanently damaged areas in the hard surface of your teeth that develop into tiny openings or holes. They are caused by a combination of factors, including bacteria in the mouth, frequent snacking, sipping sugary drinks, and not cleaning your teeth well.
What are the Causes of Cavities?
Bacteria and Plaque Formation
Your mouth naturally contains many types of bacteria. Some thrive on food and drink particles left on your teeth, especially those rich in sugar and starch. These bacteria form a sticky, colorless film on your teeth called plaque.
Acid Production
When you eat or drink, the bacteria in plaque produce acids that attack the enamel of your teeth. Over time, the acids can erode the enamel and create holes, leading to cavities.
Poor Oral Hygiene
Inadequate brushing and flossing can allow plaque to build up and attack your tooth enamel.
Frequent Snacking and Sipping
Eating or drinking sugary substances frequently provides more fuel for bacteria to produce acids that wear down tooth enamel.
Dry Mouth
Saliva helps wash away food and plaque from your teeth. Conditions that reduce saliva production, such as certain medications or medical conditions, can increase the risk of cavities.
Symptoms of Cavities
The symptoms of cavities can vary depending on their extent and location. Some common symptoms include
- Toothache or spontaneous pain
- Tooth sensitivity
- Mild to sharp pain when eating or drinking something sweet, hot, or cold
- Visible holes or pits in your teeth
- Brown, black, or white staining on any surface of a tooth
- Pain when you bite down
If you experience any of these symptoms, it’s crucial to visit a dentist for an examination.
Diagnosing Cavities
Dentists diagnose cavities through various methods, including
- Visual Examination: Dentists can often spot cavities with a visual examination of your teeth
- Probing: Using a dental instrument to probe your teeth can help detect soft areas caused by decay.
- X-rays: Dental X-rays can reveal cavities that are not visible to the naked eye, such as those between teeth.
Treatment for Cavities
Treatment depends on the severity of the cavity. The primary goal is to remove the decayed material and restore the tooth’s structure. Here are the common treatments
Dental Fillings
Fillings are the most common treatment for cavities. They involve removing the decayed portion of the tooth and filling the space with a material. The process typically involves
- Numbing the Area: The dentist will numb the affected area with a local anesthetic to minimize discomfort.
- Removing Decay: The decayed area is removed using a dental drill or laser.
- Cleaning the Cavity: The cavity is cleaned to remove any bacteria or debris.
- Filling the Cavity: The cavity is filled with a material, such as composite resin, amalgam, gold, or porcelain.
- Shaping and Polishing: The filling is shaped to match the natural contours of the tooth and polished to ensure a smooth surface.
Crowns
If a tooth is extensively decayed or weakened, a crown might be necessary. Crowns are custom-fitted caps that cover the entire tooth. The process typically involves
- Preparing the Tooth: The dentist will remove decayed and damaged areas, and shape the tooth to fit the crown.
- Taking Impressions: Impressions of your tooth are made to create a custom crown
- Placing a Temporary Crown: A temporary crown is placed while the permanent one is being made.
- Placing the Permanent Crown: The temporary crown is removed, and the permanent crown is cemented in place.
Root Canals
For cavities that have reached the pulp (the inner part of the tooth containing nerves and blood vessels), a root canal might be necessary. The procedure involves
- Numbing the Area: The dentist will numb the affected area.
- Removing the Pulp: The infected or damaged pulp is removed.
- Cleaning the Canals: The inside of the tooth and root canals are cleaned and disinfected.
- Filling the Canals: The canals are filled with a biocompatible material.
- Sealing the Tooth: The tooth is sealed and often capped with a crown to restore its function and appearance.
Fluoride Treatments
For early-stage cavities, fluoride treatments can help restore the enamel and reverse the damage. These treatments involve applying a high concentration of fluoride to the affected area. They can be in the form of a gel, foam, or varnish.
Types of Dental Fillings
Different materials can be used for fillings, each with its advantages and disadvantages. The choice depends on the location and extent of the decay, the cost, and patient preferences. Common types include
Composite Resins
Composite resins are tooth-colored materials made of a mixture of plastic and fine glass particles. They are popular due to their aesthetic appeal and can be used for both front and back teeth
Advantages
- Matches the natural color of your teeth.
- Bonds directly to the tooth, providing additional support.
- Less tooth structure needs to be removed compared to amalgam fillings.
Amalgam Fillings
Amalgam fillings are made of a mixture of metals, including silver, mercury, tin, and copper. They are known for their durability and strength
Advantages
- Very durable and long-lasting
- Less expensive than composite fillings.
- Stronger, making them suitable for large cavities in molars.
Gold Fillings
Gold fillings are made from gold alloy. They are known for their durability and can last for many years
Advantages
- Extremely durable and resistant to corrosion.
- Can last 15 years or more.
- Well-tolerated by gum tissues.
Porcelain Fillings
Porcelain fillings, also known as inlays or onlays, are custom-made in a lab to fit the cavity and bonded to the tooth
Advantages
- Matches the natural color of your teeth
- Stain-resistant
- Durable and can last many years
How to Preventing Cavities
Preventing cavities involves a combination of good oral hygiene practices and regular dental visits. Here are some tips
Brush Your Teeth Regularly
Brush your teeth at least twice a day with fluoride toothpaste. Use a soft-bristled toothbrush and replace it every three to four months
Floss Daily
Flossing removes food particles and plaque from between your teeth and under the gumline where your toothbrush can't reach.
Rinse with Mouthwash
Using an antibacterial mouthwash can help reduce plaque and kill bacteria that cause cavities.
Limit Sugary and Acidic Foods and Drinks
Frequent consumption of sugary and acidic foods and drinks can erode tooth enamel. Try to limit these and rinse your mouth with water afterward.
Visit Your Dentist Regularly
Regular dental check-ups and cleanings can help detect cavities early and prevent them from worsening. Your dentist can also apply sealants and fluoride treatments for added protection.
Use Dental Sealants
Dental sealants are a protective coating applied to the chewing surfaces of your back teeth. They can prevent food and bacteria from getting stuck in the grooves and causing cavities.
Drink Fluoridated Water
Fluoride helps strengthen tooth enamel and prevent decay. If your tap water isn't fluoridated, ask your dentist about fluoride supplements.
Cavities are a common dental problem, but they are preventable and treatable. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options, especially dental fillings, is crucial for maintaining good oral health. Regular dental visits, proper oral hygiene, and a healthy diet are essential components of cavity prevention. If you suspect you have a cavity, don't delay in seeking dental care to preserve your smile and oral health.